Topic of the issue: PHILOSOPHY, LOGIC, LANGUAGE (https://doi.org/10.58945/DJVM5659)
Issue editors: Doroteya Angelova
CONTENTS & Abstracts & Keywords & Authors in the issue
PHILOSOPHICAL-LOGICAL PROBLEMS
Russell's Multiple Relation Theory of Judgment (1906–1913)
https://doi.org/10.58945/RPNY2553
Abstract: The paper is tracking the development of Russell's multiple relation theory of judgment in the period 1906–1913. The two early versions of the theory, set out in the articles On the Nature of Truth from 1906 and On the Nature of Truth and Falsehood from 1910, are motivated generally by the philosopher's desire to provide a suitable analysis of judgments in order to determine what entities they unite and at the same time to provide an analysis of truth and falsehood. The logical problems that Russell encountered in discussing the theory, and which he was unable to solve, required its modification twice more after 1910. One of them was the problem of unity. Simultaneously with the change in the theory of judgment, Russell significantly changed his ontological views, the theory of acquaintance, and with them the theory of propositions. The multiple relation theory of judgment proved problematic in the period 1912–1913, if we judge from what was written in The Problems of Philosophy and in the manuscript Theory of Knowledge. This is precisely the period in which Wittgenstein sets out his position on the problems of logic and raises, not without reason, the most serious objections to Russell's assumptions, which are largely based on the weaknesses of the multiple relation theory of judgment.
Keywords: Russell; Wittgenstein; philosophical logic; logical form; complex; relation
Rosen Lutskanov (Доц. д-р в Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“)
Abstract Argumentation Theory: The First Thirty Years
https://doi.org/10.58945/BVDZ5524
Abstract: The paper presents the principal trends in the development of abstract argumentation theory. After a brief presentation of the institutional setting (§0), I introduce the key concepts of the theory propounded in the paper of Dung, published in 1995 (§1), as well as the different semantic approaches presented in the same paper (§2). After that I present ten influential examples for elaboration of the original theory (§3) and the connections between abstract argumentation theory and logic (§4). The paper concludes with a demonstration of the heuristic potential of the theory by means of a formalization (and “solution”) of the Condorcet paradox.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; AI; logic; argumentation; Condorcet paradox
Doroteya Angelova (Доц. д-р в Институт по философия и социология, БАН)
Artificial Intelligence: Generative Or With Expert Systems?
https://doi.org/10.58945/ISKB1861
Abstract: The article examines the questions, concerning the reliability of knowledge, acquired through artificial intelligence (AI), the quality of the information, extracted from it, i.e. to what extent AI could be regarded as a trustworthy source of knowledge. In this regard, two main types of AI are considered from a more general logical-methodological perspective, namely – artificial intelligence using rule-based expert systems and generative artificial intelligence. Their main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are presented and analyzed (from a general point of view), which respectively are used to find the answers of the mentioned questions. It is concluded that combining the two approaches will make AI a more reliable source of knowledge, thus it is relevant their combination to become a trend.
Keywords: generative artificial intelligence; expert systems; reliability; knowledge; information
LOGIC AND LANGUAGE
Intentions in Juditial Documents
https://doi.org/10.58945/WQEJ6162
Abstract: This article examines a variety of legal texts that serve as examples to support the thesis that it is possible to find implicatures in legal discourse. Legal texts are seen as a special type of speech situation in which the participants are partially cooperative, because the intention to protect the interests of one of the parties is an integral part of the communication. This is also one of the purposes of using implicatures. Another purpose can be the desire to explicate the importance of some aspect of the text.
Keywords: pragmatism; conversational implicatures; speech act theory; legal texts interpretation
Kristiyan Enchev (Доц. д-р в Институт по философия и социология, БАН.)
Formal Indication and Metaphor
https://doi.org/10.58945/FGUU4990
Abstract: The formal indication, revised through Heidegger’s “Kant Book”, leaves “hanging in the air” an innumerable number of possible relationships between similarities, which are otherwise the heterogeneous elements of haecceitas – the individual essence. With the doubling of the image in Darin Tenev’s concept of “image-scheme” and the consideration of “as” as a similarity, the encounter with the accessible object is complicated and the possibility of relating similarities as a metaphorical path for accessing the object at hand must be formally indicated. One of the merits of the formal indication of “as” as a similarity is the disclosure of a rich metaphoricity.
Keywords: formal indication; as-structure; image-scheme; metaphor
SUFISM – ROLE AND TRADITIONS
Islamic Tradition (Sufism) in Central Asia
https://doi.org/10.58945/BQCA7044
Abstract: Sufis played an essential role in spreading the Islamic religion in Central Asia. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, interest in religion, particularly Sufism, revived in Central Asia. Sufism there historicizes and situates Sufi expressions in their social and political dynamics. The article will focus on the three Sufi orders and their influence in Central Asia. The role and place of Sufism in Central Asia will be analyzed due to the historical presence of Sufism in the region, the attempt to connect Sufism with extremism, and the role of Sufi sheikhs. Historical and analytical approaches will be used. Despite the connection with extremism, the author will substantiate the thesis that Sufism can bring people together and spread “peace” (salaam) – the spiritual message of Islam. For better understanding the role of Sufism, it is necessary to analyze the reason-love relationship in the Sufi tradition. To counteract the creation of effective movements by Islamic extremists, initiatives such as “B&R” have been developed to build a community of common interests and a shared destiny. In conclusion, the article identifies the pervasive role of Sufism in Central Asia as a symbolic register through which people derive meanings and values.
Keywords: Sufism; Central Asia; tradition; extremism; humanism; values
Zaur Rashidov (Assist. Prof., PhD at Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Azerbaijan National Academy)
The Role of the Sufi Order of Halvatia in the Formation of Balkan Islam
https://doi.org/10.58945/YSMY9577
Abstract: This article discusses the role of the Khalwatiya order in the formation of Balkan Islam. Representatives of the heterodox Sufi orders occupied a special place in the processes of Islamization in the Balkans. In the 14th century, heterodox movements heading from Anatolia to the Balkans formed a unique folk Islam here – a phenomenon of religious and cultural syncretism. The Ottoman Empire, which took control of the caliphate, attached special importance to the reconciliation of folk Islam with orthodox Islam. It was from this period that the strengthening of the Khalwatiya order, one of the Sufi orders close to the Sunni denomination of Islam, began. The Ottomans intended to use the power of the Khalwatiya order to integrate heterodox Islam based on Sufism into Sunnism. In the 16th century, the targeted activities of the schools of the Khalwatiya order, which divided into numerous branches, led to the transformation of folk Islam, characteristic of the Balkans. Since that time, Balkan Islam began to form – a unique cultural, religious, and philosophical phenomenon. Balkan Islam is an Islam formed as a result of alternating cultural and religious transformations during certain historical processes.
Keywords: Islam; Sunnism; Sufism; heterodox orders; Bogomils; folk Islam; Ottomans; Safavids; Khalwatiya; Balkan Islam
ETHICS AND ECOLOGY
Between Ethics of Giftedness and ‘The Principle of
https://doi.org/10.58945/LBBU7313Procreative Beneficence (Pb)’ in Human Enhancement
Abstract: In the debate over whether or not human beings should be enhanced through reproductive technology, two prominent but contrasting principles have been identified. Enhancement involves taking human beings beyond their existing level of health, capacity (cognitive and otherwise), or performance, especially at the prenatal stage, through the emergent technologies. In this paper, we explore the two principles in the debate- the ethics of giftedness and the ‘principle of procreative beneficence.’ While the ethic of giftedness opposes enhancement, the ‘principle of procreative beneficence’ argues for and promotes enhancement as an ideal. We aim to argue for the moral superiority of the principle of procreative beneficence over the ethic of giftedness. Our argument is anchored on parental love, parental responsibility, and control. The paper concludes that the choice of parents to enhance their child(ren) is not just a matter of love, responsibility, and control but a matter of innate duty to choose the best child available.
Keywords: enhancement; ethic of giftedness; principle of procreative beneficence; Sandel; Savulescu
Micah Thomas Pimaro Jr. (Researcher at the Centre for Climate & Environmental Resilience, Newcastle University; PhD Graduate Student at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest & Associated with the Department of Philosophy, University of Calabar)
Science Reimagined: Pluralism for Climate Justice
https://doi.org/10.58945/DEPK2369
Abstract: A real debate around climate change must confront the tension between scientific objectivity and its sociopolitical and cultural entanglements that could stall or deter effective climate action. How would science then be reimagined and responsive to the interpretive and normative demands of such entanglements? This creates a challenge for scientific pluralism as to how to verify the coexistence of multiple, equally valid scientific paradigms in explaining the same events and withstand falsification. Where production, verification, distribution, and reception of knowledge are governed by competitive mechanisms, epistemic agents would become both producers and consumers; climate justice, a view that examines inequality and the historical responsibilities for climate change, would prioritise local, need-driven solutions over universally applicable models. A marketplace-based rationality, structured by exchange, competition, and mediated visibility, is not only descriptively accurate but also normatively indispensable in a time when place-specific knowledge must coexist in a productive tension.
Keywords: scientific pluralism; marketplace-based rationality; climate justice